Wycliffe College Chapel, Toronto

The Wycliffite bible will be displayed at the Norfolk Heritage Centre in Norwich during May and coincides with the Boleyn Festival Blickling – four days of all things Anne Boleyn!

Clare Agate, community librarian at the Millennium Library, said:

“In itself, just being a Wycliffite bible means it is of interest, but the connection for people in Norfolk is through Anne Boleyn. It is the sort of thing that scholars are usually more likely to be interested in for study, but with the Boleyn Festival going on we thought it was a good opportunity to let people know we have it and to let them have a chance to see it.”

I am attending the first two days of the Boleyn Festival Blickling and so hope to see this historic bible in the ‘flesh’.

The Boleyn bible will be available to view in the Norfolk Heritage Centre, on the second floor of the Millennium Library at the Forum in Norwich, from 2pm-4pm on May 2, 5, 8, 10, 16, 17 and 21; and from 10am-midday on May 4, 9, 15 and 23.

A Visitor's Companion to Tudor England

When I first interviewed Suzannah Lipscomb in early 2011, she was immersed in researching and writing A Visitor’s Companion to Tudor England. Whilst talking to Suzannah about her book, I discovered that we share something in common – a love for walking in the footsteps of the great historical figures of Tudor England.

There is something magical about standing where Henry VIII or Anne Boleyn once stood, it is as though recorded in the walls of these ancient buildings are the very conversations that took place hundreds of years before. Listen closely enough and you can hear the courtiers whispering and politicking.

What really fires the imagination, is that when standing in these historical locations, it is only time and not space that separate us. If we could only peel back the layers of time, we would be there, face to face with the iconic characters of sixteenth century England.

Suzannah summed it up perfectly,

‘In the places featured in this book, the veil between the past and the present seems very thin.’ (pg. 8 )

It is in these locations, where history happened, that we can get close to the people whose lives we hope to understand.

In this wonderful book, Suzannah takes us on a journey to over fifty Tudor places, introducing us to the key characters of the Tudor age and sharing their fascinating stories.

I really enjoyed the variety of locations; we visit houses, palaces, castles, abbeys, tombs, Museums and even a tree! I also found the inclusion of information about other aspects of life in Tudor England – such as sports and pastimes, clothing and the royal progress, enhanced the overall experience.

Little Moreton Hall

Expect to find locations that you are familiar with, like the Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace and Westminster Abbey. But what makes this book stand out is the inclusion of less well-known houses, like Sandford Orcas Manor House and Little Moreton Hall.

Some of the locations included are ruins: Tutbury Castle, Kenilworth and Hailes Abbey, to name but a few, and these are worthy of inclusion, as the events that unfolded within their now crumbling walls, are of great importance.

Suzannah is an enthusiastic and knowledgeable guide who brings each location vividly to life through an engaging narrative.

Although academic references are not included, you can be confident that only verifiable stories and details have made the pages.

I eagerly awaited the release of this book and it has not disappointed. Judging by the amount of post-it notes that now reside on the pages of my copy, I have learnt a lot!

Tuck it under your arm on your next Tudor pilgrimage or enjoy it from the comfort of your own home. Who said that time travel wasn’t possible? Highly recommended!

I leave you now with the words of historian G. M. Trevelyan, quoted in Suzannah Lipscomb’s book:

‘The poetry of history lies in the quasi-miraculous fact that once, on this earth, on this familiar spot of ground, walked other men and women, as actual as we are today, thinking their own thoughts, swayed by their own passions, but now all gone, one generation vanishing after another, gone as utterly as we ourselves shall shortly be gone, like ghosts at cock-crow.’

http://suzannahlipscomb.com/

Hever Castle

When you hear the words, ‘Boleyn family home’ it’s difficult not to immediately picture Hever Castle, a fairytale castle in the beautiful Kent countryside that has long been thought of as Anne Boleyn’s birthplace.

The home is, as Eric Ives puts it, ‘a romantic shrine to Anne and her love affair with Henry VIII. Unfortunately, for romance and tradition, Anne was in fact born in Norfolk, almost certainly at the Boleyn home at Blickling, fifteen miles north of Norwich.’ (pg. 3)

Blickling Hall, Norfolk (built on the site of the Boleyn home)

Ives’ source? Mathew Parker, Anne Boleyn’s private chaplain born in Norfolk, who later became archbishop of Canterbury and described himself as her ‘poor countryman’. Sir Henry Spelman, a Norfolk antiquarian writing during the reign of Elizabeth I, echoed this view:

‘To Blickling was decreed the honour of Anne Boleyn’s birth.’ (Weir, pg. 19)

The Boleyns were a Norfolk family long before they moved to Hever Castle in Kent and after the annihilation of the noble Boleyn family in 1536, the gentry family survived at Blickling until the 1560s and the death of Sir James Boleyn.

The focus of this post is not to debate Anne’s birthplace or whether the Boleyns abandoned Blickling for Hever. Instead, it is to bring to your attention another Boleyn property situated by the River Wensum on King Street, Norwich.

Elizabeth Griffiths describes the Boleyn house as lying adjacent to the building now known as Dragon Hall in an area where the Pastons and the Heydons once maintained homes alongside the Boleyns.

The staff at Dragon Hall very kindly informed me that Sir William Boleyn owned part or all of what is now 125-127 King Street. Records show that William paid ‘landgable’, a type of council tax for the property and Blomefield, the Norfolk historian, called it ‘the house of Sir William Boleyn’.

Although referred to as a ‘house’, there is some doubt as to whether the building was ever used as a home. Norfolk Archaeology Report, number 500 (2000), dates the building as ‘probably late 15^th century’ and ‘suggests that it was not a private dwelling house’ and instead may have been an ‘inn’ with a corridor running along the King Street side and rooms off it.

I was delighted to find some old photos of the building taken by George Plunkett who took photos of old Norwich between 1931-2006.  I have reproduced two photographs here with kind permission of his son, Jonathan Plunkett.

The first picture was taken in 1936 and Mr Plunkett provided the following information:

‘Adjacent, and to the south of the renowned Dragon Hall, is another building of note, that comprising Nos 125-129. When photographed in 1936 its half-timbered upper storey had for long been hidden under plaster, but some ten years later the plaster was removed to reveal its sturdy construction of timber and brick. After a few more years its owners chose to rip out the entire ground floor, replacing the modest 19c shop fronts with a continuous range of plate glass and leaving the medieval first floor suspended as it were mid-air.’

King Street, Norwich 125 to 129 © George Plunkett

The second photograph was taken in 1946 when the plaster had been removed.

King Street Norwich, 125 to 129 © George Plunkett

I am visiting Norfolk next month and hope to see the building for myself even though I have been told that it is in a sad state today, having been empty for many years.

The Museum Entrance at St John's Gate

Several friends have recommended a visit to the Museum of The Order of St John. Here is some background information:

‘The Museum tells the story of the Order of St John, from its origins in the 11^th century to its role today with St John Ambulance and the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem.

The Hospitaller brothers both fought and nursed the sick, in the Holy Land and on their island fortresses of Rhodes and Malta.’

Detail of St John's Gate

The Museum occupies two sites in Clerkenwell, London: St John’s Gate, which dates from 1504; and the Priory Church of St John, Clerkenwell with its surviving twelfth century Crypt.

It is not only the artefacts housed within the Museum that tell a story, the Museum buildings themselves have a unique history. St John’s Gate was the entrance to the former Priory of St John and after Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries, housed the office of the Master of the Revels. It was here that Shakespeare came to license his plays.

Find out more about this building’s colourful history by visiting the Museum’s website here.

Visits to the Museum of the Order of St John are free of charge. For guided tours a donation of £5 is suggested (£4 concessions).

(A big thank you to Mike Glaeser for the photographs)

Tudor Sugarcraft Exhibition

To be absolutely honest I never thought I would write a piece about this location. It was simply by chance that I stumbled upon Manor Lodge. There was an exhibition about ‘Tudor Sugarcraft’ which piqued my interest and so I thought I would explore it at my own leisure, admire the recreations and, as usually happens when I visit Museums, feel saddened at the prospect of not being allowed to take pictures (I am a visual person after all). I normally wander around thinking, “this is beautiful but something is missing”, I always have it in museums, I love history yet… Museums and the like can feel incredibly stuffy, as if the great characters of the past were never actually there and the life has been sucked out. This wasn’t the case at Sheffield Manor Lodge. Since my visit I have been researching the history and have even become a ‘Friend of Manor Lodge’! Why? Because it is something beautiful – more than aesthetics, it is all the little touches and the colourful history which has made me want to share it with fellow members and hope that it doesn’t sound too much like a sales pitch!

Firstly, what makes this most interesting for me is that it is in Sheffield, Yorkshire. Many a time I have complained to my partner, “You Yorkists do nothing for heritage! You have all robbed it and I am now left with ruins and industrial museums!” But, all along there was a hidden gem in Manor Lodge, whose patron is my favourite Dr David Starkey (I am like a schoolgirl when it comes to Dr David Starkey…) I hope you enjoy reading this, though I have never proclaimed to be much of a writer! It is more to share information about this interesting location. I will try my best to give a historical context to Manor Lodge and give you some details of what to expect on your visit.

So, here it is – Manor Lodge (many a time mistaken for Sheffield Castle) dates back to 1066. For this piece, for Tudorphile reasons, I am going to concentrate particularly on the Elizabethan era, but the history prior to this is equally as exciting to me.

Stained glass, Sheffield Cathedral

8^th November 1530 – Cardinal Wolsey, once a man held in high esteem by Henry VIII, was facing imprisonment in the Tower of London. Manor Lodge was to be part of Wolsey’s final journey. Here, he was to be the guest of George, 4^th Earl of Shrewsbury and their meeting immortalised in stained glass at Sheffield Cathedral. In the words of George Cavendish “When we came into the Parke at Sheffield, nighe to the Lodge, my Lord Shrewsbury and all other gentlemen and servants, strode without the gates to attend my Lord’s cominge to receave him. At whose alightinge the earle received him with much honour and embraced my Lorde sayinge these words ‘ My Lorde, Your grace is most hartelye welcome unto me, and I ame glade to see you here in my poore lodge, where I have long desired to see you, and muche more gladder if you had come after another sort…”

Surviving records suggest that the Earl was a supporter of Wolsey and had discussed ways of helping him and of mending his relationship with Henry. However, on the fifteenth night the apothecary was called as Wolsey was suffering violent stomach pains, which failed to ease. Later the physician Dr. Nicholas was summoned and he declared Wolsey was living out his last days.

At Leicester on the 29^th November 1530 – Wolsey died.

“Had I but served God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have given me over in my gray hairs.”

Moving forward in history to the 1570s – the 6^th Earl of Shrewsbury, George Talbot and his wife Elizabeth Hardwick began an overhaul of the manor, introducing a gatehouse and octagonal towers. It is difficult to say whether this was the start of Elizabeth’s interest in architecture and interior design or whether it was simply done to accommodate their new guest. It was as if history was repeating itself and Manor Lodge was once more to serve as a prison for nobility and royalty, this time the ‘guest’ was Mary Queen of Scots.

Bess of Hardwick & Mary, Queen of Scots entwined initials

Although at least for Mary, the story of her time here reads more pleasurably. At the Lodge she would spend her time creating embroidery patterns with Bess, one depicts their initials, ‘E’ for Elizabeth Hardwick and ‘M’ for Mary entwined and in the middle an S for ‘Shrewsbury’ and ‘Scotland’. The arrows are meant to represent the Crown, possibly not on the right persons head… Interestingly, Bess attended Elizabeth’s court and George Talbot was Earl Marshall of England! The relationship between Bess and Mary soon soured – Bess accused George of an affair with Mary and, as some do nowadays with guests, Bess believed Mary to be taking liberties i.e. milk baths and hosting too large an entourage. Soon, poor George started suffering from paranoia and it is hardly surprising considering he was hosting a member of royalty, dealing with Bess’ suspicions of an affair between he and Mary, pressured from other tenants and under the ever watchful eye of Elizabeth I.

By 1584 Mary was under the supervision of Sir Ralph Sadler and George’s relationship with Bess was becoming more distant, with Bess spending more time at Chatsworth and Hardwick.  When George died in 1590, Bess purchased Hardwick Hall from her brother and went onto create what we know as ‘Hardwick Hall, more window than wall’.

Turret House, Sheffield Manor Lodge

If you do visit Manor Lodge you can expect more than a walk around the ruins. For £1.50 (cheaper than most magazines) you can go on a guided tour. The group number is intimate; at first it was just my partner and I! Later on, more people joined but it never felt impersonal and the tour guide welcomed questions. They will even let you take pictures! This is what made Manor Lodge my type of place, yes the history was interesting, the excerpts from the records informative and the Turret House (the only surviving building of the Tudor Manor Lodge to survive intact) beautiful, but overall it was the amount of time and care that the staff and volunteers dedicate to bringing Manor Lodge to life.

What makes this place most exciting are the personal touches – there is an ‘artspace’ where artist Frances Priest has taken inspiration from the beautiful Tudor ceiling and recreated it in dinner ware (manorware). The Manor Weavers, who have recreated tapestries of Bess of Hardwick’s work, show what natural dyes were used and now more modern/Tudor types. The re-enactors are great at the Lodge (We had the cook, who was excellent and told of us Mary’s letters being found in slurp). What is a great touch too, is that in the ruined parts of the Long Gallery, they have planted a Lavender Labyrinth and the ruins of the kitchens are now an apothecary garden. The staff are really friendly, I mentioned that I was a history student and was immediately told of the history of the home and informed of various talks offered throughout the year. It was a pleasantly surprising experience.

Apothecary Garden

Of course in a place such as this, it is rumoured to have a resident ghost who takes delight in knocking poor old George Talbot’s portrait off the wall when Bess of Hardwick is giving a talk!

George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury

Dr David Starkey is a patron of Manor Lodge where they regularly host talks – frequently by Tudor Historians i.e. Linda Porter and recently Leanda De Isle and soon hoping for the man himself. Find out more about upcoming events here.

Manor Lodge is free to visit, but if you would like to go on the guided tour it is £1.50. The tour guide is fantastic and you may even get a chance to see Bess of Hardwick.

Bess of Hardwick

The Sugarcraft Exhibition is on display in the Turret House from 3rd March to 8th September 2012.

On a side note, one of the sugar designs on display is a unique model of St Paul’s, as originally designed for a banquet hosted by cardinal Wolsey for Henry VIII.

A unique model of St Paul' Cathedral as originally designed for a banquet hosted by Cardinal Wolsey for Henry VIII.

By Keeleigh Hodgson

I must say that Sudeley is one of the most atmospheric and beautiful places I have ever visited and you’ll notice that it is the Chapel of St. Mary at Sudeley that features prominently on my website’s header.

Thank you Debbie!

The Queen Katherine Parr Quincentenary

This year Sudeley Castle is celebrating the life of Queen Kateryn Parr with a series of special events and exhibitions to mark the 500 years since the birth of this remarkable woman.

Katherine Parr is best known for being Henry VIII’s surviving queen, but through the exhibitions on show we find out more about the life and loves of Katherine and her time at Sudeley. I was surprised to learn that KP stood 6 feet tall, almost unheard of in Tudor times. It is no wonder she caught Henry’s eye at court – towering above the other ladies. Katherine was also a published author and you can view original copies of her work on display for the first time. In KP’s book of lamentations you can see she has signed her name, Kateryn the Queen KP.

Katherine Parr's Book of Lamentations © Debbie Fenton

Also on display are love letters written to Thomas Seymour and items taken from her tomb when it was opened in 1782 which include a lock of auburn hair and a tooth! (In very good condition I might add) The exhibition ends with a short film by Dr David Starkey where we learn more about Katherine and her time at Sudeley and why she felt compelled to marry Henry when she was in love with Thomas Seymour.

Katherine Parr's Closet Window © Debbie Fenton

The next part of the KP trail takes you to the South Hall and Katherine’s private rooms, which are open to the public for the first time in five years. If like me you like to soak up the atmosphere of an historic place and imagine the conversations that have taken place within the walls, then you will enjoy this experience the most. You ascend a staircase to the only remaining rooms from the original castle that KP lived in. (No photography sadly as my partner found out when he took a snap then was fiercely reprimanded by the guide!). There is a beautiful closet with a stained glass window that allows light to flood in, giving the room a very happy feel. The idyllic views across the garden as Katherine would have seen them, lead on to her private chapel in the church of St Mary. In the window stands a mannequin of Lady Ann Herbert, KP’s sister who was her groom of the stool, who according to the display, assisted KP with the very important job of wiping her bottom!

Katherine Parr's private door © Debbie Fenton

As you descend the staircase you are invited to exit the castle through the very door that KP would have used to make the short walk to her private chapel to carry out her daily devotions. An added moment of excitement ensues when you are told that the door has remained until now unopened since Tudor times. Now you can make your way to the church for the most poignant part of the trail.

Inside the church of St Mary’s, alongside KP’s tomb, you will see a peaceful Katherine lying in state surrounded by candles. She is being watched over by her young chief mourner, Lady Jane Grey. I found this moment quite haunting and a fitting end to the trail.

Katherine Parr lying in state © Debbie Fenton

There are more special events planned for this year, including talks with Dr David Starkey and Alison Weir, and also a re-enactment of Queen Katherine’s funeral.

The exhibitions are on a small scale, but I found them to be intimate, atmospheric and engaging. I left feeling closer to Katherine, and I will certainly now give her as much thought as I do all my other favourite Tudor people.

By Debbie Fenton

Shakespeare's Birthplace

The app will make use of various digital images from the Trust’s collections and offer a new way of exploring its properties and treasures.

What’s really exciting is that parts of the collection not normally available to the general public, like the baptism and burial records of William Shakespeare, will now be digitised and accessible.

The baptismal and burial records of Shakespeare held in the Trust’s archives, feature in the app.

Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon

These important details are recorded in the parish register, a hand written book that lists the baptisms, marriages and burials that took place at Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon between 1558-1776.

Shakespeare was baptised on the 26^th of April 1564 and buried on the 25^th of April 1616. Although his date of birth is not recorded in the register, it is almost certain that he would have been born in late April, as sixteenth century baptisms were generally performed within three days of birth.

Stratford-upon-Avon is an incredible place to visit and one that I look forward to returning to in the near future.

For more information on this project and the app, please visit Finding Shakespeare.

Sources

Finding Shakespeare

Emily very kindly agreed to talk to me about her wonderful project, one that I am very much looking forward to seeing at Hever Castle in May.

Click here to read the interview.

(Photos published here © Emily Pooley)

Suzannah Lipscomb

I am frequently asked two questions: why am I a Tudor historian? And why do I think people remain fascinated by this period? The answer is the same: the Tudor era has all the best stories.

Consider: the remarkable sixteenth century contains our tabloid king – the much married Henry VIII – and our virgin queen – the unmarried Elizabeth I – and huge religious change – the overthrow, restoration and eventual displacing of the Roman Catholic church in England; centuries-old monasteries dissolved; heretics burnt and priests tortured. It is an age of threats against England – the attempted French invasion and the Spanish Armada – and of the discovery and colonisation of new worlds, the beginnings of empire and the founding of the navy. It is the age of Holbein and Shakespeare, of glorious architecture and palaces, and of some of the most extraordinary characters in British history.

Miniature of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

Working on my most recent book, I was struck anew by the poignancy of the stories of those individuals – of the Protestant martyrs Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer burnt in a ditch outside the city walls in Oxford; or the tale of the twice-widowed 26-year-old 6ft and utterly beautiful Mary, Queen of Scots, who was imprisoned in England for 18 miserable years; or Sir Walter Ralegh, gaoled in the Tower of London for almost as long. During his 13 years of confinement, Ralegh wrote the one million words of his History of the World, and was only released to sail to Guiana in search of the fabled city of gold, El Dorado. He naturally failed to find it and returned empty-handed to meet his death by axe. Or there’s the story of another of Elizabeth I’s favourites, Sir Christopher Hatton, who spent his fortune on building and buying houses like Holdenby and Kirby Hall, in the hope that Elizabeth would visit and be wooed by him. She never came and he died in debt to the tune of £42,000 – around £5 million today.

A Visitor's Companion to Tudor England

A Visitor’s Companion to Tudor England is a guide to these stories and to the places where you can experience these moments from the past today.

In choosing my 50 places, I had four criteria in mind. The first was there had to be something worth seeing.

Many Tudor houses and palaces – like Theobalds, William Cecil, Lord Burghley’s grand house, or Nonsuch Palace – don’t survive, and this is especially the case in London, because of the devastating effects of the Great Fire of 1666. Where fragments from these places do exist – like Richmond Palace’s gatehouse or the arches at Holdenby House – we visit them.

There remain, however, lots of gorgeous places still standing: houses like Montacute, Hardwick, Burghley, or Kirby; the smaller halls like Little Moreton and Gawsworth; or hidden gems like Sandford Orcas Manor House. We visit fortresses and abbeys, castles and tombs. We pilgrimage up to the Walker Art Gallery and to the National Portrait Gallery to stand before the great man himself.

In a couple of instances there are mere remains that have important stories to tell, like the sixteenth-century doors at Balliol College that were licked by the flames of the martyrs’ pyres. At one point we visit a 500-year-old tree, on a little road between Hethersett and Wymondham in Norfolk, where Robert Kett was said to have gathered thousands of rebels in 1549 to march on Norwich in protest against the enclosure of lands under Edward VI.

The second principle was that as well as something to see, there needed to be a cracking good story. This ruled out some places that are lovely to visit but where nothing really happened, but in many cases, the stories and places came together in beautiful confluence. At Thornbury Castle, the story of the person who owned it – Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham – and his downfall are practically played out in the stonework. Buckingham was executed in 1521 for listening to prophecies that he would one day be king, and his intended palace-fortress at Thornbury expresses the same regal intent. His death stopped work on the castle: only one tower out of four was ever finished (Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn stayed in this tower in 1535 in a room that you too can now sleep in), and some of the ranges look like ruins, but are actually building sites – they were simply never finished.

Rochester Castle in Kent, England engraved by H. Adlard after G.F. Sargent circa 1836

There are also stories of places that shaped people – the childhood home of Anne Boleyn at Hever Castle, and Hatfield Old Palace, where Elizabeth I discovered she was queen. And there are crucial moments that happened at places – Anne of Cleves’s fateful meeting with Henry VIII happened at Rochester Castle; Prince Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, and with his death, the entire destiny of the Tudors changed.

My final two criteria were that I should cover the geographical diversity of England as much as the south-loving Tudors allowed, and that I should try to represent virtually every significant person or story of the period. I wanted it to be very much a companion to the historical visitor to the period, as well as to today’s visitor to these 50 sites.

I believe fervently in the value of going to historic places. As a research curator at Hampton Court Palace (where my office was beneath Henry VIII’s council chamber, and the stairs I used every day were the back stairs on which Thomas Cromwell manoeuvred and politicked), I learnt the wonder of being where history happened: of walking in the footsteps of Henry VIII, or standing where Shakespeare stood. There is something about these places that makes one feel that one could reach out and touch the past. When I spoke to Natalie Grueninger of On the Tudor Trail about this some time ago, she put it perfectly: in those places, only time and not space separates you from the people of the past.

Historian Johan Huizinga wrote that ‘the feeling of being in contact with the past is a sensation as deep as the purest enjoyment of art, it is an almost ecstatic sensation; no longer being myself, of overflowing into the world around me, of touching the essence of things, of through history experiencing the truth’. I believe that everyone should have an opportunity to experience that sense of immediate contact with the past, and through history, experience the truth. I hope, in some small way, that my book helps that happen.

Suzannah Lipscomb

A Visitor’s Companion to Tudor England is published in the UK by Ebury (RRP £12.99).

www.suzannahlipscomb.com

Kendal Parish Church

It is Cumbria’s largest parish church, and one of the largest in England boasting five aisles, two each side of the nave, a western tower, and a peel of ten bells.

The Church is home to the Parr Chapel built by the Parr family of Kendal Castle in the fourteenth century. A chantry priest was engaged to offer daily prayers and masses for the safe keeping of the souls of the family. By 1546, it was one of six chantries in the building.

Of particular interest is that it is believed to be the final resting place of Sir William Parr, grandfather of Queen Katherine Parr, sixth and final wife of Henry VIII.

Believed to be the tomb of Sir William Parr, Kendal Parish Church

The family coat of arms can be seen on the ceiling and a maiden’s head is carved above each window, an emblem of the Parr family. (Click here for a picture:)

This emblem was incorporated into the badge that Katherine used during her time as queen consort.

A big thank you to the lovely Nora for sharing her photos with me. I always look forward to hearing about her travels.

Sources